Behavior of $this on inherited methods - php

Question

I always thought I understood how OOP works (and I have been using it for years), but sometimes I realize some concepts are still not so clear to me.
I just came across this question about method visibility in PHP. The accepted answer explains that a private method cannot be overridden by a child class in PHP. Okay, that makes sense. However, the example made me think about the internal inheritance mechanism in PHP, and the way $this behaves on inherited methods.
Consider this code (example from the PHP Manual, also included in the question mentioned above):
class Bar
{
public function test() {
$this->testPrivate();
$this->testPublic();
}
public function testPublic() {
echo "Bar::testPublic\n";
}
private function testPrivate() {
echo "Bar::testPrivate\n";
}
}
class Foo extends Bar
{
public function testPublic() {
echo "Foo::testPublic\n";
}
private function testPrivate() {
echo "Foo::testPrivate\n";
}
}
$myFoo = new foo();
$myFoo->test();
/*
Output:
Bar::testPrivate
Foo::testPublic
*/
Now consider this excerpt from the PHP Manual:
The pseudo-variable $this is available when a method is called from within an object context. $this is a reference to the calling object (usually the object to which the method belongs, but possibly another object, if the method is called statically from the context of a secondary object).
The explanation states that "$this is a reference to the calling object", which is $myFoo. So I expected that $myFoo->test() would always invoke Foo::testPrivate, and never Bar::testPrivate (unless $myFoo were an instance of Bar). I tested $this with get_class, and it always returns Foo, even from inside Bar::testPrivate and Bar::test. However, $this behaves like an instance of Bar when Bar::test calls $this->testPrivate().
That's really confusing, and I am trying to understand why it works that way!
I thought inherited methods (public or protected) were somehow copied from the base to the child class. Private methods would not be copied at all. But this example indicates that it doesn't work like this. It looks like the instance of Foo keeps an internal instance of Bar, and delegates method calls to it when necessary.
I am trying to learn something here, and I only learn when things make sense to me. This one does not. After writing all this, I think I can summarize it with two questions:
Could someone briefly explain how inheritance works internally in PHP? Or at least point me to an article or documentation about that?
Is the behavior or $this discussed here present on other OO languages as well, or is it particular to PHP?

Answer 1

Inheritance in PHP works the same way it does in most object-oriented languages.
When you have a "virtual" method, the method is not bound directly to the caller. Instead, every class contains a little lookup table which says "this method name is bound to that implementation". So, when you say $this->testPublic(), what actually happens is that PHP:
Gets the virtual table for the current class
Looks up the virtual table entry for testPublic in that table
Invokes the method to which that lookup points
Since Foo overrides testPublic, its virtual table contains an entry for testPublic pointing to Foo::testPublic.
Now, with the private methods, the behavior is different. Since, as you correctly read, private methods cannot be overridden, calling a private method never results in a virtual table lookup. That is to say, private methods cannot be virtual and must always be defined in the class which uses them.
So, the effect is that the name is bound at the time of declaration: all Foo methods will call Foo::testPrivate when they say $this->testPrivate, and all Bar methods will call Bar::testPrivate.
To sum up, saying that "inherited methods are copied to the child" is not correct. What actually happens is that the child begins with its method-name-lookup-table being populated with its parent class' entries, and then adds its own functions and replaces any overridden entries. When you call $this->something, this lookup table is consulted for the current object's class. So if $this is an instance of Foo, and Foo overrides testPublic, you get Foo::testPublic. If $this is an instance of Bar, you will get Bar::testPublic.

Answer 2

Well, private methods and properties are exactly that - private. For all intents and purposes, you can consider them "internal", meaning internal to the class they're defined in. This means that they're never inherited, and can never be overridden.
Thus, when using $this in combination with a private method or property, it will always be the method or property within the same class as the reference to $this. This happens because $this called within a parent class cannot access private methods or properties in another class (because they're private), even from child classes.
Hope this helps.