In the PHP project I'm working on there are several methods that make use of individual try/catch blocks. Here is one example:
public function getListData()
{
$clauses['filter'] = '';
$clauses['sort'] = 'CAST(propertyID AS INT) DESC';
try
{
return $this->getModel()->getListData($clauses);
}
catch (Exception $e)
{
// create an Error() object, send $e->getMessage() to it
}
}
Now, keeping in mind there are several similar methods, it would seem more efficient to write a method in the Model class that would look like this:
public function run($method)
{
try
{
return $this->$method;
}
catch (Exception $e)
{
//create an Error() object, send $e->getMessage() to it
}
}
The problem is calling it. This does not work:
public function getListData()
{
return $this->getModel()->run('getListData($clauses)');
}
The error is:
Undefined property:
classes\utility\Model::$getListData($clauses).
Is there a way to get this to work?
I'm going to assume that the first and second getListData() methods are in separate classes, otherwise you are calling a loop, since getListData would call getListData...which would call, you get it.
However, the way you are calling the method is incorrect in the run() method. It should be called using call_user_func. It is a callback to the method, not a call to the property, of the class.
You could call it statically using
public function run($method, $data)
{
try
{
return call_user_func(array($this, $method), $data);
}
catch (Exception $e)
{
//create an Error() object, send $e->getMessage() to it
}
}
public function getListData()
{
return $this->getModel()->run('getListData', $clauses);
}
There are several problems with this approach:
It prevents you from listening for custom exceptions
You can throw exceptions other than Exception, but this type of wrapper will make it much more difficult to do so.
It is difficult to follow the execution flow
When you pass method names and parameters around as strings, it becomes much harder for humans, IDEs and code analysis tools to understand what the program will do at runtime.
Try/catch blocks are cheap
The code required to catch exceptions is very simple and easy to use. This wrapper adds more complexity and more cost (an extra function call).
Consider just using try/catch blocks where needed instead of using the wrapper. If you have fifty similar methods as described in your comment above, you may gain more efficiency by eliminating the duplicate business logic and combining those methods.
You could simply convert errors to exceptions using this code:
set_error_handler(function ($errno, $errstr, $errfile, $errline)
{
if ((error_reporting() & $errno) === $errno)
throw new \Exception("$errstr ($errfile: $errline)", (int) $errno);
}, -1);
After it any error would be converted to exception.
Related
My question is about the correct usage of Php Exceptions.
My Php app is an API server.
My code base is quite articulated, to a depth of 5-6 levels of nested calls.
Of course exceptions are a very handy way to handle an error,
since you don't have to handle all error conditions on every level of your function calls...
To better explain what I mean, I make an exaple below.
This is a simplified excerpt from my top level code (the "router"):
...
$this->app->get("/persons/get", function() {
try {
$persons = new PersonsController($this);
$this->success($persons->get());
} catch (Exception $e) {
$this->error($e);
});
};
...
private function error($error) {
$response = $this->app->response();
$response->body(json_encode([
"error" => [
"message" => $error->getMessage(),
]));
}
And this is a simplified excerpt from my bottom level code (the "db"):
...
public function get($table) {
try {
$sql = "SELECT * FROM '$table'";
$statement = $this->db->prepare($sql);
$statement->execute();
$result = $statement->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
return $result;
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new Exception("Error getting persons: ", 0, $e);
}
}
I think this is a typical and effective example of useful exception handling: on a fatal error in the bottom level of the code base, the error automatically pops up to the main error handling function. The real advantage here is I don't have to mess up with handling the error condition all along the chain of functions code, from the router level through the db level...
But, what if I should use Exceptions more extensively, in the middle of my functions stack... For example:
class PersonsController {
...
public function sync() {
if (!mkdir($d, 0777)) {
throw new Exception("Can't create folder $d");
}
}
...
}
Instead of, for example:
class PersonsController {
...
public function sync() {
if (!mkdir($d, 0777)) {dir: DEBUG ONLY!
return -1; # this error code will have to be handled upper in the stack...
}
}
...
}
The question is: How extensive can be the use of Exceptions in a Php non-trivial project?
I have a class Person.
I want to add error handling into my script, so that say, the user enters an incorrect email address the script will tell them. Usually not a problem at all, but now I am using OO classes I am in unfamiliar territory.
So. I guess I want to know how to handle multiple exceptions. Or do I need to try each line of code one at a time and catch each line? This seems slightly excessive. Ideally I'd like to do the following:
try {
$people[$new]->set_fullname($_POST['name']);
$people[$new]->set_active(true);
$people[$new]->set_add1(rEsc($_POST['add1']));
$people[$new]->set_add2(rEsc($_POST['add2']));
$people[$new]->set_add3(rEsc($_POST['add3']));
$people[$new]->set_add4(rEsc($_POST['add4']));
$people[$new]->set_postcode(rEsc($_POST['postcode']));
$people[$new]->set_phone(rEsc($_POST['phone']));
$people[$new]->set_email(rEsc($_POST['email']));
} catch {
echo 'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n";
}
But in my error handling, How can I catch multiple errors? I'd like to push all the error messages into an array and display them each nicely in the webpage. As far as I can see on php.net it seems that I can only catch one error message at a time.
Do I really have to try {} catch {} each line of code?
Imho this shouldn't throw exceptions in the first place. Simply loop through the fields and add the possible errors to some $errors array.
Users screwing up fields is not an exceptional case. I don't even think the user object should be able to validate an emailaddress. That seems to be like a responsibility of the Form.
Also am I wondering what that rEsc function is you are using. Not only are you using a global function which makes it virtually impossible to swap it out for some other function in the future (tight coupling), but also the name is chosen badly. Also do I fail to see why you would want to escape stuff in that place (I guess that is what the thing does). Only escape / sanitize data when you are using it. And I'm wondering for what you are escaping your data, because if it is for database input there are far better ways.
try {
$people[$new]->set_fullname($_POST['name']);
$people[$new]->set_active(true);
$people[$new]->set_add1(rEsc($_POST['add1']));
$people[$new]->set_add2(rEsc($_POST['add2']));
$people[$new]->set_add3(rEsc($_POST['add3']));
$people[$new]->set_add4(rEsc($_POST['add4']));
$people[$new]->set_postcode(rEsc($_POST['postcode']));
$people[$new]->set_phone(rEsc($_POST['phone']));
$people[$new]->set_email(rEsc($_POST['email']));
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo 'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n";
} catch (EmailFormatException $em) {
echo 'Caught exception: '. $e->getMessage();
}
Just continue it like that
Here's how I would design this:
Create a validate() method on the Person class that verifies every property and returns an array of strings that explain the errors to the user. If there are no errors, have the method return null.
Do not use exceptions at all. They are slow; they complicate code maintenance (and you're seeing the symptoms in the approach you've taken so far)
Remove the custom methods for setting properties of the Person object. PHP is not Java. Set the properties directly.
Putting this all together:
class Person {
public $name;
public $address1;
public $address2;
public function validate() { }
}
And then your code:
$obj = new Person();
$obj->name = "Bob";
$obj->address1 = "1 Elm St.";
$validationResult = $obj->validate();
if ( $validationResult != null) { // there were errors
print_r($validationResult);
}
You can make a foreach statement that sets the data that needs validation with try/catch inside the loop in order to populate an array with the errors, like that:
$errors = [];
foreach (['field1', 'field2', ...] as $field) {
try {
$method = "set_{$field}";
$people[$new]->$method(rEsc($_POST[$field]));
} catch (Exception $e) {
$errors[] = $e->getMessage();
}
}
Since a short period of time I'm working with Try Catch in PHP. Now, every time a new error is thrown you get a fatal error on the screen, this isn't really user friendly so I was wondering if there's a way to give the user a nice message like an echo instead of a fatal error.
This is the code I have now:
public static function forceNumber($int){
if(is_numeric($int)){
return $int;
} else {
throw new TypeEnforcerException($int.' must be a number');
}
}
public function setStatus($status) {
try {
$this->status = TypeEnforcer::forceInt($status);
} catch (TypeEnforcerException $e) {
throw new Exception($e->getMessage());
} catch (Exception $e) {
throw new Exception($e->getMessage());
}
}
This is best solved with a frontend controller that is able to catch all uncatched exceptions:
<?php
require('bootstrap.php');
try {
$controllerService->execute($request);
} catch (Exception $e) {
$controllerService->handleControllerException($e);
}
You can then write code to return the internal server error because an exception signals an exceptional case so it normally is an 500 internal server error. The user must not be interested what went wrong other than it just didn't work out and your program crashed.
If you throw exceptions to give validation notices you need to catch those in a different layer (and you're probably doing it wrong if you use exceptions for that).
Edit: For low-level functions, because PHP is loosely typed, if a function expects and int, cast to intDocs:
public static function forceNumber($int){
$int = (int) $int;
return $int;
}
this will actually force the integer. In case the cast is not possible to do (e.g. $int it totally incompatible) PHP will throw the exception for you.
The example is a bit akward because by the method's name you use it to validate some number and provide an error if not (here wrongly with an exception). Instead you should do some validation. If you expect wrong input, it's not an exceptional case when wrong input is provided, so I would not use exceptions for that.
PHP prior to version 5.5 has no finally block - i.e., whereas in most sensible languages, you can do:
try {
//do something
} catch(Exception ex) {
//handle an error
} finally {
//clean up after yourself
}
PHP has no notion of a finally block.
Anyone have experience of solutions to this rather irritating hole in the language?
Solution, no. Irritating cumbersome workaround, yes:
$stored_exc = null;
try {
// Do stuff
} catch (Exception $exc) {
$stored_exc = $exc;
// Handle an error
}
// "Finally" here, clean up after yourself
if ($stored_exc) {
throw($stored_exc);
}
Yucky, but should work.
Please note: PHP 5.5 finally (ahem, sorry) added a finally block: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/finally (and it only took a few years... available in the 5.5 RC almost four years to the date since I posted this answer...)
The RAII idiom offers a code-level stand-in for a finally block. Create a class that holds callable(s). In the destuctor, call the callable(s).
class Finally {
# could instead hold a single block
public $blocks = array();
function __construct($block) {
if (is_callable($block)) {
$this->blocks = func_get_args();
} elseif (is_array($block)) {
$this->blocks = $block;
} else {
# TODO: handle type error
}
}
function __destruct() {
foreach ($this->blocks as $block) {
if (is_callable($block)) {
call_user_func($block);
} else {
# TODO: handle type error.
}
}
}
}
Coordination
Note that PHP doesn't have block scope for variables, so Finally won't kick in until the function exits or (in global scope) the shutdown sequence. For example, the following:
try {
echo "Creating global Finally.\n";
$finally = new Finally(function () {
echo "Global Finally finally run.\n";
});
throw new Exception;
} catch (Exception $exc) {}
class Foo {
function useTry() {
try {
$finally = new Finally(function () {
echo "Finally for method run.\n";
});
throw new Exception;
} catch (Exception $exc) {}
echo __METHOD__, " done.\n";
}
}
$foo = new Foo;
$foo->useTry();
echo "A whole bunch more work done by the script.\n";
will result in the output:
Creating global Finally.
Foo::useTry done.
Finally for method run.
A whole bunch more work done by the script.
Global Finally finally run.
$this
PHP 5.3 closures can't access $this (fixed in 5.4), so you'll need an extra variable to access instance members within some finally-blocks.
class Foo {
function useThis() {
$self = $this;
$finally = new Finally(
# if $self is used by reference, it can be set after creating the closure
function () use ($self) {
$self->frob();
},
# $this not used in a closure, so no need for $self
array($this, 'wibble')
);
/*...*/
}
function frob() {/*...*/}
function wibble() {/*...*/}
}
Private and Protected Fields
Arguably the biggest problem with this approach in PHP 5.3 is the finally-closure can't access private and protected fields of an object. Like accessing $this, this issue is resolved in PHP 5.4. For now, private and protected properties can be accessed using references, as Artefacto shows in his answer to a question on this very topic elsewhere on this site.
class Foo {
private $_property='valid';
public function method() {
$this->_property = 'invalid';
$_property =& $this->_property;
$finally = new Finally(function () use (&$_property) {
$_property = 'valid';
});
/* ... */
}
public function reportState() {
return $this->_property;
}
}
$f = new Foo;
$f->method();
echo $f->reportState(), "\n";
Private and protected methods can be accessed using reflection. You can actually use the same technique to access non-public properties, but references are simpler and more lightweight. In a comment on the PHP manual page for anonymous functions, Martin Partel gives an example of a FullAccessWrapper class that opens up non-public fields to public access. I won't reproduce it here (see the two previous links for that), but here is how you'd use it:
class Foo {
private $_property='valid';
public function method() {
$this->_property = 'invalid';
$self = new FullAccessWrapper($this);
$finally = new Finally(function () use (&$self) {
$self->_fixState();
});
/* ... */
}
public function reportState() {
return $this->_property;
}
protected function _fixState() {
$this->_property = 'valid';
}
}
$f = new Foo;
$f->method();
echo $f->reportState(), "\n";
try/finally
try blocks require at least one catch. If you only want try/finally, add a catch block that catches a non-Exception (PHP code can't throw anything not derived from Exception) or re-throw the caught exception. In the former case, I suggest catching StdClass as an idiom meaning "don't catch anything". In methods, catching the current class could also be used to mean "don't catch anything", but using StdClass is simpler and easier to find when searching files.
try {
$finally = new Finally(/*...*/);
/* ... */
} catch (StdClass $exc) {}
try {
$finally = new Finally(/*...*/);
/* ... */
} catch (RuntimeError $exc) {
throw $exc
}
Here is my solution to the lack of finally block. It not only provides a work around for the finally block, it also extends the try/catch to catch PHP errors (and fatal errors too). My solution looks like this (PHP 5.3):
_try(
//some piece of code that will be our try block
function() {
//this code is expected to throw exception or produce php error
},
//some (optional) piece of code that will be our catch block
function($exception) {
//the exception will be caught here
//php errors too will come here as ErrorException
},
//some (optional) piece of code that will be our finally block
function() {
//this code will execute after the catch block and even after fatal errors
}
);
You can download the solution with documentation and examples from git hub -
https://github.com/Perennials/travelsdk-core-php/tree/master/src/sys
As this is a language construct, you won't find an easy solution for this.
You can write a function and call it as the last line of your try block and last line before rethrowing the excepion in the try block.
Good books argues against using finally blocks for any other than freeing resource as you can not be sure it will execute if something nasty happens. Calling it an irritating hole is quite an overstatement.
Believe me, a hell lot of exceptionally good code is written in languages without finally block. :)
The point of finally is to execute no matter if the try block was successfull or not.
function _try(callable $try, callable $catch, callable $finally = null)
{
if (is_null($finally))
{
$finally = $catch;
$catch = null;
}
try
{
$return = $try();
}
catch (Exception $rethrow)
{
if (isset($catch))
{
try
{
$catch($rethrow);
$rethrow = null;
}
catch (Exception $rethrow) { }
}
}
$finally();
if (isset($rethrow))
{
throw $rethrow;
}
return $return;
}
Call using closures. Second parameter, $catch, is optional. Examples:
_try(function ()
{
// try
}, function ($ex)
{
// catch ($ex)
}, function ()
{
// finally
});
_try(function ()
{
// try
}, function ()
{
// finally
});
Properly handles exceptions everywhere:
$try: Exception will be passed to $catch. $catch will run first, then $finally. If there is no $catch, exception will be rethrown after running $finally.
$catch: $finally will execute immediately. Exception will be rethrown after $finally completes.
$finally: Exception will break down the call stack unimpeded. Any other exceptions scheduled for rethrow will be discarded.
None: Return value from $try will be returned.
If anyone is still keeping track of this question, you might be interested in checking out the (brand new) RFC for a finally language feature in the PHP wiki. The author already seems to have working patches, and I'm sure the proposal would benefit from other developers' feedback.
I just finished writing a more elegant Try Catch Finally class which may be of use to you. There are some drawbacks but they can be worked around.
https://gist.github.com/Zeronights/5518445
I have come accross to this function below and I am wondering wether this is the right way of using the error handling of try/catch.
public function execute()
{
$lbReturn = false;
$lsQuery = $this->msLastQuery;
try
{
$lrResource = mysql_query($lsQuery);
if(!$lrResource)
{
throw new MysqlException("Unable to execute query: ".$lsQuery);
}
else
{
$this->mrQueryResource = $lrResource;
$lbReturn = true;
}
}
catch(MysqlException $errorMsg)
{
ErrorHandler::handleException($errorMsg);
}
return $lbReturn;
}
Codewise it is correct/works, However the power of try-catch is that when an Exception is thrown from deep down in one of the functions you're calling.
Because of the "stop execution mid-function and jump all the way back to the catch block".
In this case there are no deep-down exceptions therefore I would write it like this:
(Assuming there is a function "handleErrorMessage" in the ErrorHandler.)
public function execute() {
$lsQuery = $this->msLastQuery;
$lrResource = mysql_query($lsQuery);
if(!$lrResource) {
ErrorHandler::handleErrorMessage("Unable to execute query: ".$lsQuery);
return false;
}
$this->mrQueryResource = $lrResource;
return true;
}
Which I find more readable.
No. Throwing an exception in this case is simply a GOTO, but with a (slightly) prettier face.
Why have a call to ErrorHandler::handleException here anyway?
Just throw the exception, but never catch it. Then in the global initialization code for your app have a function with the following signature:
function catchAllExceptions(Exception $e)
Then call:
set_exception_handler('catchAllExceptions');
This will cause all uncaught excpetions to be passed as an argument to catchAllExceptions(). Handling all uncaught exceptions in one place like this is good, as you reduce code replication.
Well it is not really a good implementation since you throw the exception and you look for that exception in catch. So the answer of Visage is true.
You should use a global error handler instead of a tr-catch usage like in your code.
If you are not sure of the type of the error and occurance but want to continue the execution of the code although an exception had occured, then a try-catch block will help.